The art of cinema has long provided a platform for filmmakers to explore human nature, morality, and the complex interplay of perspective and truth. Two films that masterfully delve into these themes are Akira Kurosawa’s Rashomon (1950) and Ridley Scott’s The Last Duel (2021). Though these films are separated by over seventy years and distinct cultural contexts, they share a similar narrative structure and thematic focus: the concept of subjective truth.

French cinema has long been recognized for its rich and diverse contributions to global film culture, and one of its most intriguing and influential genres is “film noir.” Literally translating to “black film,” this genre is characterized by its dark, moody atmospheres, morally ambiguous characters, and complex, often cynical narratives. While film noir is widely associated with American cinema, its roots and expression in French film offer a unique and compelling dimension.

Spaghetti Westerns, a distinctive subgenre of Western films, emerged in the mid-1960s and captivated audiences worldwide with their unique style, storytelling, and memorable music. These films, predominantly produced and directed by Italians, earned their moniker due to their origin in Italy and the heavy Italian involvement in their creation. Unlike traditional American Westerns, Spaghetti Westerns often showcased a grittier, more cynical view of the Old West, characterized by morally ambiguous characters, stark landscapes, and dramatic, operatic scores.

Film noir, a genre that emerged during the 1940s and 1950s, is distinguished by its dark, cynical, and visually striking style. Rooted in German Expressionism and shaped by the socio-political climate of post-World War II America, film noir captures the essence of a world filled with moral ambiguity, existential dread, and complex characters. The visual style of film noir is iconic, characterized by stark lighting contrasts, deep shadows, and an overall chiaroscuro effect.